The effects on ifel acceleration with respect to the variation of the laser electric field, the input. In this thesis we developed a three dimensional 3d quantum theory for a fel with a laser wiggler, based on a discrete wigner function formalism taking into account the longitudinal momentum quantization. We show that a free electron laser oscillator generating x rays with wavelengths of about 1 a is feasible using ultralow emittance electron beams of a multigev energyrecovery linac, combined. Dumping the highpower electron beam is wasteful and creates radiation hazards e dump is beam energy before the beam dump. In 1997 the navy distanced itself from supporting the freeelectron laser as a tool that could shoot. Free electron lasers are laser devices where light amplification occurs by interaction with fast electrons in an undulator. It was realised, however, that the behaviour of low gain fels were. The laser is a device which is today used in a wide list of fields. The free electron laser fel is a natural alternative as a radiation source national research council, 1982. A free electron laser consists of an electron beam propagating through a periodic magnetic field. Properties and prospects1 gunnar ingelman and kai siegbahn uppsala university abstract. A freeelectron laser fel is a kind of laser whose lasing medium consists of veryhighspeed electrons moving freely through a magnetic structure, hence the term free electron. On the theory of the free electron laser springerlink. A freeelectron laser fel operating in the quantum regime can provide a compact and monochromatic xray source.
Freeelectron laser an overview sciencedirect topics. Free electron lasers are very ixible sources of coherent radiation. Due to their wide range tunabilty and high brghtness they have a growing applications. Handout 2 sommerfeld model for metals free fermion gas. Experimental and numerical studies of the inverse free electron laser using a gwlevel 10. A motivation and introduction b theoretical approach c. S u trajectory length of one undulator period otherwise energy exchange cancels over many periods. Pdf this report is a primer introduction on the sources of coherent syncrotron radiation from fels compared to conventional lasers. It is a powerful and challenging combination of particle accelerator and laser physics and technology. Until recently fels have been operating at infrared or near ultraviolet wavelengths.
The theory describes the electron beam as a moving plasma dielectric, and assumes that the electron beam interacts with an evanescent mode traveling along the surface of a periodic waveguide with a rectangular pro. How a quantum laser works an external source of energy excites electrons from the ground state to an. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Electron injectors chapter chapter chapter chapter chapter chapter chapter. Andreas ringwald fundamental physics at free electron lasers, psi20, 812 september 20 page 11 pair creation from electron beam crossed with laser beam slac e144 studied nonlinear compton and stimulated pair production in the collision of a 46. A freeelectron laser, or fel, is a laser that produces a very bright beam of light. Osa femtosecond freeelectron laser xray diffraction.
Should a given lattice support enzyme turnover, initiating the reaction in crystallo is perhaps the ideal means to monitor the structural dynamics of enzyme catalysis. A simplified description of xray freeelectron lasers. Basic physical processes and principles of free electron. The free electron laser is tunable and has the widest frequency range of any laser type, 3 currently ranging in wavelength from microwaves, through terahertz. Freeelectron laser wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The nearlyfree electron model university of oxford. In solidstate physics, the free electron model is a simple model for the behaviour of charge carriers in a metallic solid. A free electron laser fel, is a type of laser that uses veryhighspeed electrons that move freely through a magnetic structure, 1 hence the term free electron as the lasing medium. Path to understanding nobel symposium on free electron laser research june 14 18, 2015 sigtuna, sweden john m. New theoretical calculations show that an xray free electron laser pulse can generate transitions in excited nuclei via an indirect process involving electron capture. Osa femtosecond freeelectron laser xray diffraction data. Lectures on the free electron laser theory and related. This graphic shows the secondary process by which xfel light can drive the energy release from a sample containing a nuclear isomer.
The term free electron laser fel will be used, in this paper, to indicate a wide collection of devices aimed at providing coherent electromagnetic radiation from a beam of free electrons. Novel electron accelerator techniques can be used to create free electron lasers in a wide wave length interval extending to the xray region, i. We look forward to welcoming you to beautiful santa fe, new mexico, usa. Lectures on the free electron laser theory and related topics. The free electron laser fel will be an outstanding tool for research and. Jefferson labs freeelectron laser is the worlds highestpower tunable infrared laser and was developed using the labs expertise in superconducting radiofrequency srf accelerators. A new spectrum of opportunities for manufacturing and for basic research. His current research interests include the theory and design of novel optical resonators for highresolution freeelectron laser spectroscopy, xray generation and. The fel used operating principles to form the beam that are very different operating principles of a conventional.
A free electron laser fel is a kind of laser whose lasing medium consists of veryhighspeed electrons moving freely through a magnetic structure, hence the term free electron. Workie department of physics university of cincinnati cincinnati, ohio 45221 november 26, 01 abstract a tunable coherent and high peak power sources have been very usefull in many applications. The freeelectron laser is tunable and has the widest frequency range of any laser type, currently ranging in wavelength from microwaves, through terahertz radiation and infrared, to the visible spectrum, ultraviolet. A freeelectron laser fel, is a type of laser that uses veryhighspeed electrons that move freely through a magnetic structure, 1 hence the term free electron. Beginning with an explanation of the basic gain mechanism, the lectures continue with a discussion. In 1998 he joined the faculty of the university of hawaii where he is currently an associate professor of physics.
The quantum freeelectron laser university of strathclyde. Choosing the required parameters laser resonators for fels fel output characteristics fel vs conventional laser current trends. Due to the coherent emission, very large intensities. Introduction to free electron lasers and fourthgeneration. Free electron lasers produced by the resonant interaction of a relativistic electron beam with a photon beam in an undulator tunable, powerful, coherent radiation sources 1977 first operation of a free electron laser at stanford university today 22 free electron lasers operating worldwide 19 fels proposed or in construction. A high energy laser hel weapon system is an excellent candidate to fulfill this diverse role. This field has exploded in recent years with the development of nextgeneration xray sources, such as free electron.
Colson w b 1990 classical free electron laser theory laser handbook vol 6. The optical resonator with macroscopic dimensions that could store significant optical power at short wavelengths was crucial to the invention of the laser. The realization of a free electron laser fel operating in the quantum regime could provide a compact and monochromatic xray source. Free electron lasers produced by the resonant interaction of a relativistic electron beam with a photon beam in an undulator tunable, powerful, coherent radiation sources 1977 first operation of a freeelectron laser at stanford university today 22 freeelectron lasers operating worldwide 19 fels proposed or in construction. Today such lasers are used for research in materials science, chemical technology, biophysical. This makes it desirable to have a theoretical treatment accessible to nonspecialists and students. The essential features of the theory of the free electron laser fel are given in some detail. Each electron emits a wave train with n u cycles 1n u n u. Xray freeelectron lasers xfels are finally a reality.
Introduction to free electron lasers and fourthgeneration light. Introduction many of the early theoretical studies of free electron lasers low gain were quantum mechanical see e. Hopf f, kuper t, moore g and scully m 1980 the freeelectron laser from a laserphysics perspective phys. Introduction to free electron lasers the nature of light gaussian beam laser beam emittance. Basic physical processes and principles of free electron lasers fels dagnachew w. The free electron laser fel will be an outstanding tool for research and industrial application. The spent electron beams still have 99% of the initial energy. Introduction to the physics of free electron laser and comparison. Sase free electron laser short pulse sase free electron laser wavelength range, nm 10. The free electron lasers fels was invented by by j.
So we can write the full quantum state of the electron as follows. Free electron laser page of the world wide web virtual library this is a collection of web resources. The data establish the first large benchmark data sets for coherent diffraction methods freely available to the public, to bolster the development of algorithms that are essential for developing this novel approach as a useful imaging technique. For example, in the ir region, a pulsed optical parametric oscillator tunable over the 1,4501,800 cm. Successive electron bunches interact with the radiation stored in the undulator, leading to an increase in the radiation power, and to microbunching in the electron bunches. E r,t 2 em wave is faster than electron, but periodic interaction if waveelectron slippage is one wavelength per undulator period v s c u l u. In this paper the physical process of new type of coherent. The very first electromagnetic radiation amplifier was built with ammonia in the range of microwaves and was called maser, for microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Pdf introduction to the physics of free electron laser. Moreover, tunable radiation sources are not perfectly monochromatic. Rp photonics encyclopedia free electron lasers, fel.
Saldin, schneidmiller, yurkov, the physics of free electron. The physics of free electron lasers evgeny saldin springer. Laser mode laser field laser action free electron laser moving frame these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. A free electron laser, or fel, is a laser that produces a very bright beam of light. Introduction to freeelectron lasers neil thompson astec. Given its simplicity, it is surprisingly successful in. However, there exist many nearerterm potential naval applications for kilowattclass solidstate laser ssl and highpower microwave hpm weapons. In 1997 the navy distanced itself from supporting the free electron laser as a tool that could shoot. A free electron laser is a generator of tunable, coherent, high power radiation from millimeter through ultraviolet wavelengths. His current research interests include the theory and design of novel optical resonators for highresolution free electron laser spectroscopy, xray generation and highfield physics. A formula is derived for the smallsignal gain of a smithpurcell freeelectron laser. It shares the same optical properties as conventional lasers such as emitting a beam consisting of coherent electromagnetic radiation which can reach high power.
Fels based on jefferson labs superconducting electronaccelerating technology are being developed to process plastics. We describe femtosecond xray diffraction data sets of viruses and nanoparticles collected at the linac coherent light source. Lasers springer, 1999, more sase but much more technical. Pdf introduction to the physics of free electron laser and. Theory and practice of free electron lasers particle accelerator school day 1 dinh nguyen, steven russell. A free electron laser fel operating in the quantum regime can provide a compact and monochromatic xray source.
This book describes the physical fundamentals on the basis of classical mechanics, electrodynamics, and the kinetic theory of charged particle beams, and will be suitable for graduate students and scientists alike. Physics freeelectron lasers trigger nuclear transitions. When someone refers to the bandstructure of a crystal they are generally talking about its electronic dispersion, ek i. We show that a freeelectron laser oscillator generating x rays with wavelengths of about 1 a is feasible using ultralow emittance electron beams of a multigev energyrecovery linac, combined. The high gain fel based on the principle of self amplified spontaneous emission is treated on a qualitative level.
Some of the radiation can be extracted using an outcoupling hole in one of the mirrors. Fels based on jefferson labs superconducting electronaccelerating technology are being developed to process plastics, synthetic fibers, advanced materials, and metals as. Us navy plans for scaling free electron lasers to megawatt. Fels make some of the most brilliant light sources ever made by humankind. Hopf f, kuper t, moore g and scully m 1980 the free electron laser from a laser physics perspective phys. Free electron lasers lecture i brian mcneil, university of strathclyde, glasgow, scotland. Pelligrini, introduction to the physics of the free electron laser, laser handbook, vol. In a fel the optical amplification takes place in an undulator which is fed with high energy electrons from an electron. A free electron laser fel is a linear accelerator that is designed to produce very fast bursts of light with extremely high peak brightness. Fel 2017 will focus on recent advances in free electron laser theory, experiments, electron beam, photon beam and undulator technologies, and some applications of free electron lasers. In terms of weaponization, the fel free electron laser is the laser device of choice and holy grail for weaponization in the 2020 time frame. Sasefreeelectron laser short pulse sasefreeelectron laser wavelength range, nm 10. Classical theory of freeelectron lasers book iopscience. Freeelectron laser simple english wikipedia, the free.
A critical analysis of experimental challenges and theoretical limits. New theoretical calculations show that an xray freeelectronlaser pulse can generate transitions in excited nuclei via an indirect process involving electron capture. A freeelectron laser consists of an electron beam propagating through a periodic magnetic field. Lectures on the free electron laser theory and related topics g. It was developed in 1927, principally by arnold sommerfeld, who combined the classical drude model with quantum mechanical fermidirac statistics and hence it is also known as the drudesommerfeld model. Freeelectron lasers fels offer substantial cost and capability advantages including advantages for highvolume materials processing over other manufacturing tools. The fel also provides ultraviolet laser light, including vacuum ultraviolet light, and is also a source of terahertz light. If you want to obtain moving images of highspeed molecular processes at an atomic scale, one of the best facilities in the world is the xray free electron laser xfel at stanford university.
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